Gaspari T, Liu H, Welungoda I, Hu Y, Widdop RE, Knudsen LB, et al
While these observational studies cannot prove causation, the consistency of the signal across different populations, healthcare systems, and analytical methods has strengthened the case for randomized trials
Some patients also find that fresh air or a gentle walk after eating can help settle their stomach, as light activity can aid digestion
It is important to note that PIONEER 3 was a larger trial than PIONEER 12 (1864 participants vs 1441 participants, respectively) and had a longer duration (78 weeks with 5 weeks of follow-up vs 26 weeks with 5 weeks of follow-up, respectively) [18]
Short answer: raising circulating Lcarnitine is fast, but changing the carnitine content inside muscle fibers is slow and requires chronic dosing plus insulinmediated uptake