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Second, repeated failures in well-designed human studies, despite adequate exposure and appropriate endpoints, suggest that preclinical models may not translate meaningfully into human physiology
doi: 10.1177/1759720x18776224 131 SchettGTohidast-AkradMSmolenJSSchmidBJSteinerCWBitzanPet al
While passive transporters, such as glucose transporter, enable delivery of solutes across the cellular membrane along their electrochemical gradient without energy consumption, active transporters generate solute gradients across the membranes and exploit various energy-coupling mechanisms
Glutathione, or ?-glutamyl-cysteinylglycine (GSH), is an important molecule that is produced within the body and is responsible for preventing lipid and protein oxidation, as well as for detoxifying hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
In IPF, GSH levels are significantly reduced, contributing to a pro-oxidant environment that promotes fibroblast proliferation and ECM accumulation [120]
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