While the potential benefits of Spirulina are evident, challenges, such as variability in product quality and need for standardized protocols, must be addressed

Abbreviations ASCVD: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease BMI: Body mass index CCI: Charlsons Comorbidity Index CGRD: Chang Gung Research Database CI: Confidence interval CKD: Chronic kidney disease DKA: Diabetic ketoacidosis DKD: Diabetic kidney disease DM: Diabetes mellitus DPP-4is: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors DSCP: Diabetic Shared Care Program eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate EMR: Electronic medical record ESKD: End-stage kidney disease GLP-1RAs: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin HHS: Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state HR: Hazard ratio ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecules 1 MACEs: Major adverse cardiovascular events MDRD: Modification of diet in renal disease MI: Myocardial infarction NHE3: Sodiumhydrogen exchanger 3 SGLT2is: Sodiumglucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors SHR: Subdistribution hazard ratio STD: Standardized difference TNF: Tumor necrosis factor alpha UACR: Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio VCAM-1: Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 References Almourani R, Chinnakotla B, Patel R, et al

Comparative crossover, randomized, open-label bioequivalence study on the bioequivalence of two formulations of thioctic acid in healthy volunteers
Then the tissue homogenate centrifuged at 2000 rpm/min for 15 min (Centrifuge 5804R, Eppendorf, Germany)
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs have several other names, including GLP-1 agonists, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and incretin mimetics