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Decreased appetite is technically the therapeutic effect, not a side effect

In contrast to the IVW approach which sets the intercept term to zero, the introduction of the aforementioned parameter in the MR-Egger framework enables assessment of pleiotropic effects that may be distributed independently from those of instrumental variables (IVs) on outcomes through exposures

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Some discomfort at the injection site is common, but if the pain, swelling, redness persist for long or aggravate, then a doctor should be consulted

These associations are most useful when corroborating findings are present, so the rest of the workup, not the B12 alone, determines how far to go