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In hypertensive states, mitochondria generate excessive ROS due to electron transport chain (ETC) disruption, particularly at complexes I and III, coupled with reduced antioxidant defenses (e.g., Mn-SOD) (Tbara et al., 2025)

Many antioxidant nutrients (folic acid, and vitamin B) and other dietary substances (green tea, and alcohol) are known to affect DNA methylation 43,44

Owing to the number of elastin fibers in the aorta, especially in the proximal part, the wall is capable of expanding, enabling the vessel to store the mechanical energy created by the blood and the pulse wave (cushioning function)

Methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin are in the marketplace as a non-prescription, injectable, nutritional supplement and a tablet

Whole citrus fruits are better than packaged juices