In some groups, higher levels of ROS were associated with lower sperm counts and defective sperm structure, while lower antioxidant levels correlated with reduced sperm movement
However, in resistant patients, oxidative stress causes a conformational change in Keap1, leading to the release of NRF2, which translocates to the nucleus and binds to antioxidant response element (ARE), activating the expression of downstream antioxidant genes, including GPX4, NQO1, HO-1 and SOD1 [33], and promoting the synthesis of GSH, as illustrated in Fig
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doi: 10.1515/mr-2022-0031 19 YunYLeeSSoCManhasRKimCWibowoTet al