In a study using cultured rat hippocampal neurons, pre-treatment of nerve cells with GLP-1 resulted in a weakened Ca 2+ response to glutamate and weakened membrane depolarization ( Effects on Parkinsons Disease Parkinsons disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that affects the central nervous system and the second most common neurodegenerative disease after AD ( Disturbance of insulin signaling in diabetic patients might lead to the abnormal expression of Syn, damage to mitochondrial function, increase in mitochondrial oxidative stress, and down-regulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, which in turn could promote the occurrence and development of PD ( Injection of exendin-4 into rodents after endotoxin and mTP toxin-induced damage to the substantia nigra striatum could prevent the toxin-induced activation of microglia and inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines ( Effects on Stroke Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the leading cause of disability worldwide

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Conversely, combining GLP-1 receptor agonists with other diabetes medications like metformin or SGLT2 inhibitors may enhance glucose control
10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00243-1 33 HelmstadterJ.KeppelerK.AustF.KusterL.FrenisK.FilippouK.et al (2021)
Third, the fasting-induced cortisol rise, which happens during extended fasting periods, can increase muscle protein breakdown