The steps of the TCA cycle are as follows: (1) citrate synthase facilitates the condensation of oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA to form citrate, (2) the enzyme aconitase then converts citrate to isocitrate, (3) isocitrate is further oxidatively decarboxylated by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), (4) the resulting compound -ketoglutarate (-KG) is transformed into succinyl-CoA, (5) succinyl-CoA is then further converted to succinate by succinyl-CoA synthetase, (6) the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate, (7) fumarate is hydrated to malate by fumarate hydratase (FH), and finally (8) malate is then oxidized to oxaloacetate by malate dehydrogenaseinitiating the cycle once again [6] (Fig
You cannot build a healthy future on a crumbling physical foundation
Guan Z, Li H, Liu R, Cai C, Liu Y, Li J, et al
Special care is needed for older adults taking GLP-1 receptor agonists
WL: Validation, Writing original draft