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Currently 5-10% of the population is diagnosed with hypothyroidism, however some experts estimate that between 25-40% of the adult population has suboptimal thyroid function
Meanwhile, mitochondrial ROS upregulates autophagy-related genes (Beclin-1, LC3-II) via FOXO3a (59)
The American Psychiatric Association practice guidelines recommend psychotherapy as initial treatment, with medication considered when psychotherapy is unavailable, declined, or insufficient
Based on these observations, it is plausible to propose that in ovarian granulosa cells and oocytes, MAMs may contribute to cellular functional outcomes, such as cryotolerance and steroidogenic efficiency, by regulating phospholipid exchange and membrane properties, including the PS/PE balance