Metabolism and excretion of the once-daily human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide in healthy male subjects and its in vitro degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase IV and neutral endopeptidase
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[9] [10] These medications work by mimicking incretin hormones, enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon release, slowing gastric emptying, and promoting satiety through central nervous system pathways
82,89 Notably, the PINP/CTX and CTX/TRAcP5b ratios remain near baseline at six months, suggesting a relative balance between bone formation and resorption during this period
(ii) the neuroprotective properties, including the ability to reduce hypothalamic inflammation triggered by HFD