Long-term use of metformin, a drug commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes, is strongly associated with vitamin B12 deficiency and lower folic acid levels as it can block absorption, which may lead to increased homocysteine levels and risk for cardiovascular disease
In laboratory research, AOD 9604 is used to explore pathways involved in fat breakdown (lipolysis), fat storage (lipogenesis), and energy use, without the broader endocrine activity associated with full-length growth hormone
The Authors This article is Open Access: CC BY 4.0 licence (
It delivers B12 directly into the muscle, usually the upper arm or thigh, where its absorbed quickly and used by the body straight away
Before receiving folic acid or cyanocobalamin, patients should be assessed for deficiency and appropriate therapy started concurrently