We found that activation of GLP-1R with liraglutide could protect chondrocytes against endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis induced by interleukin (IL)-1 or triglycerides (TGs)
These cells were further characterized as containing large (canine) to medium (human) solid round granules by electron microscopy and termed L-cells (11)
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Melatonin has also been implicated in the suppression of autophagy under various stress conditions, including nicotine exposure, serum starvation, excessive autophagy, and unpredictable stress, possibly through modulation of miR-15a-5p, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and eIF2/ATF4 pathways (Wang et al., 2018
Pronsato L, Milanesi L, Vasconsuelo A