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Referral triggers include persistent hyperglycemia despite therapy, suspected pancreatitis, acute kidney injury, gallbladder disease, or concerning cardiovascular symptoms
Vitamin B12 is especially important for women who are pregnant or may be breastfeeding to help with the growth and development of their baby as well as protect them from birth defects and miscarriages or anemia
The cellular and molecular origin of reactive oxygen species generation during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion
Though FC and IBS-C share overlapping symptoms (e.g., chronic constipation, abdominal discomfort, bloating), current evidence on pain mechanisms is mainly addressed in IBS-C, while FC remains understudied