Abbreviations BMD: Bone mineral density CRP: C-reactive protein DKK1: Dickkopf-1 DXA: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry FGF-23: Fibroblast growth factor-23 IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor-1 IL-6: Interleukin-6 LC: L-carnitine OPG: Osteoprotegerin OPN: Osteopontin RM: One-repetition maximum RT: Resistance training SOST: Sclerostin SPARC: Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine/osteonectin TC: Total carnitine TMA: Trimethylamine TMAO: Trimethylamine N-oxide TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor- References Kanis JA, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Reginster JY, Scientific Advisory Board of the European Society for C
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IL-1 can also activate hepcidin to promote transferrin degradation and iron accumulation, which is also related to the occurrence of ferroptosis (144)
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Less than 50% of patients respond favorably to most therapies, and reversibility is influenced by age, sex, BMI, and disease aetiology ( + depletion, or BCAA catabolic impairment may be modifiable before structural remodeling becomes fixed