For individuals struggling with B12 deficiency, oral supplements may not always offer sufficient remediation
Transsulfuration: Hcy combines with serine to form cystathionine, helped by vitamin B6, which breaks down into cysteine for making antioxidants like glutathione
This makes glutathione work extra hard, using it up faster than it can be replaced
Sikiric and colleagues have proposed nitric oxide system involvement, while other groups have documented effects on VEGF receptor 2 expression, growth-hormone receptor upregulation, and dopamine pathway modulation
Moreover, as previously reported in retinal models, regular voluntary exercise preserves retinal thickness and electrophysiological function in aging rodents, this effect being associated with increased trophic factors, reduced oxidative stress markers, and enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis within the retina itself (Szilgyi et al., 2024)