Angiogenesis Studies: Angiogenic potential investigated through multiple assays: HUVEC tube formation (network complexity), endothelial migration (cells/field), aortic ring sprouting (sprout length/number), VEGF/VEGFR2 expression (qPCR, Western blot), CAM assay (vessel density)
Using a micronized creatine powder, skipping the loading phase, and dissolving fully before drinking significantly reduces bloating risk
-20C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light) Solvent & Solubility In Vitro : H 2 O : 50 mg/mL ( 128.09 mM ) * "" means soluble, but saturation unknown
Most commercial formulations come pre-mixed in spray bottles designed for direct scalp application
Cardiolipin comprises two POPG molecules and a single hydroxyl in the polar head, while POPG has two hydroxyls with greater hydrogen bonding capability (RochaRoa et al., 2021