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Renal carnitine loss may also affect the morphology and function of red blood cells and reduce the oxygen carrying and releasing capacity of red blood cells, thereby reducing tissue oxygen supply (including the kidney), and tissue hypoxia activates hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), which in turn reduces OCTN2 expression through the HIF-1-PPAR signaling pathway

BioSpace www.biospace.com/drug-development/astrazeneca-bolsters-obesity-pipeline-with-promising-early-data-for-candidates (2024)

In adipose tissue, HIF activation can improve IR by stimulating the thermogenic function of brown adipose tissue (BAT) by regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and glycolysis

Researchers have found that ipamorelin can stimulate the smooth muscle of the digestive lining to help food move more quickly through the digestive system [7]

Both are about eight to ten times too large