Liraglutide (Victoza for diabetes, Saxenda for weight management) is administered as a daily subcutaneous injection
He serves on advisory boards and speakers panels of Novo Nordisk, Herbalife, GI Dynamics, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Glia, Irish Life Health, Boehringer Ingelheim, Currax, Zealand Pharma, Keyron, and Rhythm Pharma
Berberine metabolites stimulate GLP-1 secretion by alleviating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction
Molecular size directly limits mucosal permeability, and peptides above a certain threshold do not cross the sublingual epithelium in clinically predictable amounts
Additionally, it needs to be considered that PBMC are a heterogenous population with diverse cell types