The disease is characterized by: *Chronic lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland *Elevated TPO antibodies (TPOAb) - present in over 90% of cases *Elevated thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) - present in 5080% of cases *Progressive thyroid fibrosis and loss of function *Eventual hypothyroidism requiring lifelong levothyroxine replacement The Oxidative Stress Signature of Hashimoto's The Antioxidants review (2021) confirmed that patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis show a consistent pattern of oxidative stress markers: elevated malondialdehyde (MDA - a lipid peroxidation marker), reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and critically, significantly decreased glutathione levels compared to healthy controls
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The participants were divided into three distinct groups, each with 25 individuals: 25 euthymic BD patients in the early stage of disease ( 3 years since the diagnosis of BD from the first manic episode)
[9] Niacinamide (nicotinamide), a water-soluble amide of vitamin B3, elevates intracellular NAD pools, activates PARP-mediated DNA repair, and decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-8 and IL-1
Genomics 11 , 4552 (2002)
