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By pumping the accumulated, unbound cytosolic catecholamines backward across the plasma membrane and safely into the extracellular synaptic space, the neuron is able to maintain its free cytoplasmic neurotransmitter levels below toxic thresholds , directly protecting itself from oxidative cell death and preserving neuronal viability (Underhill et al., 2021)

Scientists have settled the timing debate

Overall, while the exact role of liver enzymes in AD remains to be fully elucidated, these findings indicate that the observed associations might be mediated by hepatic alterations linked to ApoE4

Additionally, disruptions in the balance of glutamate and its interaction with other neurotransmitters, such as GABA and serotonin, which are involved in the flow of glutamate between the cortex, thalamus, and basolateral amygdala, may result in abnormal CSTC pathway activity (14)