Many people, including those over 50, on PPIs or metformin, or with GI conditions, produce insufficient intrinsic factor
This is particularly relevant for oral administration, which is subject to intrinsic factor saturation and receptor limitations in the ileum ( Moreover, our results highlight the essential role of vitamin B12 in homocysteine metabolism, as supplementation was associated with a significant reduction in serum homocysteine levelsan important biomarker associated with cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases
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However, these differences did not reach statistical significance owing to the limited number of studies
All protocols require informed consent, medical oversight, and realistic expectations about potential outcomes