Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012;302:E334-43.ArticlePubMed 54
Clinicians focus on glucose, A1C, lipids, and symptoms when relevant
Specifically, beyond the enteroendocrine L-cells of the intestine, GLP-1 is also produced as a neuropeptide by the pre-proglucagon neurons in the brain stem 3
Furthermore, 2 weeks of subcutaneous infusion of nesfatin-1 improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in chow-fed and HFD-fed mice 227 , likely due to the direct action of nesfatin-1 on beta cells and not gutbrain signaling, similar to other peptides, such as GLP-1 and CCK 227,233,234
Pharmacological properties of biogenically synthesized silver nanoparticles using endophyte Bacillus cereus extract of Berberis lyceum against oxidative stress and pathogenic multidrug-resistant bacteria