Addiction decreases the brains reward system function and increases stress-related neurotransmitters
ACS Nano, 2024, 19: 17571770 Acknowledgement This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22371108), the Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province (tsqn202211242), and the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2024MB125 and ZR2025QC1888Z)
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They increase dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, or GABA to produce short-term improvements in focus, mood, or alertness
This means that it is not possible to overdose on vitamin B12, and as far as we know there is no upper limit on the amount of B12 that can be taken safely by an otherwise healthy person