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N Engl J Med 2017;377:83948.ArticlePubMed 18
Glutathione plays a pivotal role in most key physiological functions including but not limited to maintenance of cellular redox, neutralising free radicals, cell cycle regulation, proliferation, apoptosis, xenobiotic metabolism, and the recycling of other cellular antioxidants such as Vitamins C and E
3 Melasma pathophysiology As mentioned previously, the development of melasma can be affected and precipitated through the various factors including long-term sun-exposure and UV radiation, genetic predisposition, thyroid dysfunction, special drugs, oxidative stress, hormonal imbalance, and female gender especially the pregnant women and also those who are consuming oral contraceptives (OCPs) (Ortonne et al., 2009
In these cases, injections can be an effective solution