NADPH, derived from glucose via the PPP, is the ultimate electron donor that reduces the downstream proteins in the GSH antioxidant system
Many athletes integrate glutathione IV into their periodization strategy - more frequent treatments during high-volume phases, less during easier periods or off-season
In clinical practice, patients taking oral liposomal glutathione get improvements just as much or better than IV
Liu CH, Sui Z, Li Z, Sun C, Li G, Chen Z, Ma H, Cao H, Xi
Furthermore, the redox activity of PDI, but not its chaperone function, rescued motor dysfunction and axonopathy in zebrafish models of ALS expressing mutant SOD1, together implying that PDI has an important role both in vitro and in vivo (Parakh et al., 2020)