Fun facts: Topiramate works by blocking voltage dependent sodium channels, increasing GABA (the inhibitory neurotransmitter) and decreasing glutamate (the excitatory neurotransmitter) activity to avoid neural excitability, thus preventing seizures
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The mitochondrial electron transport cofactor CoQ 10 can resist lipid peroxidation through a series of reactions, which occur on the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane
References state that the dysbiosis is likely to be responsible for early stage PD GI-related problems, including constipation, with a notable increase in bacterial families that include Lactobacillaceae, Verrucomicrobiaceae, Bradyrhizobiaceae, Bifidobacterium , and Akkermansia (Hashish and Salama, 2023)
[1] [3] The medication works by mimicking the incretin hormone GLP-1, which stimulates insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner, suppresses glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, and reduces appetite through central nervous system pathways