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Aliment Pharmacol
As the reduced form of cystine, cysteine acts as the limiting substrate for the production of glutathione (GSH) (191)
Oral microbiota dysbiosis in depression, characterized by increased Pseudomonas and decreased Streptococcus , directly alters gut microbiota composition (elevated Muribaculaceae and reduced Lachnospiraceae ), leading to systemic effects such as barrier dysfunction and depression-like behaviors through the microbiota-oral-brain axis (Lou et al., 2024)
Moreover, because carnitine also offers antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, it has been shown to reduce markers of vascular injury in patients undergoing hemodialysis and in those with peripheral vascular disease (11, 12)
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