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Insulin resistance occurs when cells in muscle, fat, and liver tissue become less responsive to insulin, the hormone responsible for facilitating glucose uptake from the bloodstream

EC 2.7.1.40) catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate with concomitant generation of the second molecule of ATP in glycolysis (see Figure 23-1)

Retatrutide + MOTS-c adds a mitochondrial-derived peptide to support cellular fat oxidation and lean mass through AMPK - useful when the limit is metabolic adaptation, fatigue, or lean-mass concerns rather than appetite

Avoiding high-fat, greasy, or heavily spiced foods can reduce nausea severity

PMCID: PMC8703152