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Following the injection, in vivo imaging was conducted using an IVIS Spectrum (PerkinElmer) at various time points: 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h post-injection, utilizing an excitation wavelength of 780 nm and a fluorescence emission wavelength of 840 nm

Why It Works: Modulates nitric oxide bioavailability at the eNOS level, helping stabilize the balance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction in injured tissue Upregulates VEGFR2 expression and drives VEGF-mediated angiogenesis, supporting new blood vessel formation at injury sites Protects cell-matrix adhesion through FAK-paxillin signaling and appears to dampen local inflammatory cascades via NF-B modulation Best For: Tendon, ligament, and soft-tissue injury recovery, along with gut-lining and gastrointestinal repair research Typical Protocol: Preclinical/research protocols commonly reference 200-500 mcg per day via subcutaneous injection, split into one or two daily doses (with 250 mcg once or twice daily being a frequently cited starting range)

High doses, repeated administration, vulnerable populations (pregnant animals), and sensitive tissues (gastrointestinal tract, reproductive organs) have all been evaluated

A study by Forsling et al

VEGF encourages angiogenesis and stimulates steroidogenic cells, including testicular Leydig cells