A significant portion of vitamins is lost to the stomach, while vitamin B12 injections allow for 100% absorption
Moreover, EEC have recently been identified as producers of IL-17C in IBD, a novel member of the IL-17 cytokine family, and most likely involved in the pathogenesis of active IBD (156)
Since adipose tissue is responsive to endotoxins, bacterial translocation may provide a mechanism whereby the gut microbiome can modulate the adipose metabolome (for review, Kruis et al., 2014 23 ) and consequently exacerbate obesity and its related comorbidities
All species Folic Acid ELISA Kit (Competitive EIA), (2024)
Therefore, these conditions should not be referred to as identical entities but recognised as distinct stages within the natural history of the same disease