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Pace A, Savarese A, Picardo M, Maresca V, Pacetti U, Del Monte G,

Under the induction of oxidative stress, a part of HIF-1 is translocated to mitochondria, where it inhibits the respiratory chain by lowering the expression of mtDNA-encoded mRNA that responses to hypoxia, thus preventing the over-production of ROS and resisting oxidative stress

Hence, there is a need to investigate this matter in greater detail

It competitively binds p53, displacing endogenous FOXO4 in senescent cells (Baar et al., 2017) 24-72 hours: Freed p53 translocates to mitochondria in senescent cells, triggering the intrinsic apoptotic cascade

Many of these new substances appear so fast and with little efficacy support in the literature making it difficult for anti-doping authorities to properly evaluate and consider if they are a problem from the standpoint of performance enhancement