In its invasive hyphal form, Candida penetrates the intestinal epithelium and releases more than 70 identified mycotoxins including acetaldehyde, gliotoxin, and candidalysin that trigger systemic inflammation, impair mitochondrial function, disrupt neurotransmitter synthesis, and compromise the integrity of the gut barrier, producing a multi-system clinical presentation that spans gastrointestinal, neurological, endocrine, dermatological, and immunological domains
Milk thistle is an herb native to the Mediterranean region with the active ingredient silymarin
Lee ME and Wang H (1999)
Hepcidin-induced hypoferremia is a critical host defense mechanism against the siderophilic bacterium Vibrio vulnificus
Pourebrahim R, Khazaei S, Ostermann LB, Zhao R, Muftuoglu M, and Andreeff M