DPP-4 displays numerous biological functions, such as protease activity, interaction with adenosine deaminase and the extracellular matrix proteins, co-receptor activity mediating viral entry, and regulation of intracellular signals (Kameoka et al., 1993
The FDA does not verify supplement claims before products reach consumers, and manufacturers are not required to demonstrate efficacy through clinical trials, though they must report serious adverse events to the FDA
Daily GLP-1 injections include liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda), exenatide immediate-release (Byetta), and lixisenatide (Lyxumia)
Rare serious events: Published case reports include rhabdomyolysis (PubMed 23121206) and renal infarction
Some individuals notice improvements in energy or skin clarity within a few weeks