Cardiac remodeling, defined as changes in the cardiac geometry and/or function, often precedes the development and progression of HF and is associated with poor clinical outcomes [16,17,18]
Low B12 levels can lead to megaloblastic anemia, a condition where red blood cells are abnormally large and unable to transport oxygen efficiently, causing symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and breathlessness
Thyroid function often declines during extended caloric restriction as the body attempts to conserve energy
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The glucagon receptor component may help preserve lean mass through its effects on amino acid metabolism and protein turnover