It accomplishes this through enhanced insulin secretion, reduced glucagon release (paradoxically, since it only hits GLP-1 receptors), and improved beta-cell function
reports research grant support, on behalf of their institution, from Novo Nordisk and advisory/consultancy fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly & Company, Gila Therapeutics Inc, GLW-01, International Medical Press, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and ViiV
TanshinoneIIA ameliorates inflammatory microenvironment of colon cancer cells via repression of microRNA-155
It is not yet FDA approved, but Phase 3 data from the TRIUMPH-4 trial (December 2025) showed an average of 28.7% body weight loss at 68 weeks at the 12 mg dose the highest ever recorded in a pharmacological weight loss trial
Together, these medications provide robust HbA1c reduction with minimal hypoglycaemia risk, making them particularly valuable for patients requiring treatment intensification beyond metformin-based therapy