A parallel line of work by Chang and colleagues (J Appl Physiol, 2011) examined cultured rat Achilles tendon fibroblasts and reported increased outgrowth, survival and migration alongside elevated phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin, the adaptor pair coupling integrin engagement to cytoskeletal reorganisation
Because SAM is also required for many other methylation reactions, including gene-expression regulation, high NNMT activity draws heavily on SAM and is associated in studies with reduced NAD, a coenzyme central to cellular energy production
The result is a 16-amino acid peptide that stimulates lipolysis through beta-3 adrenergic receptors on fat cells, without triggering IGF-1 elevation, insulin resistance, or the growth-promoting effects that make full HGH problematic for long-term metabolic use
NNMT is an enzyme that regulates energy metabolism by methylating nicotinamide, a precursor to NAD+, into 1-methylnicotinamide
A recent Sermo survey of hundreds of United States-based physicians indicate that almost half of the responding doctors reported that patients disclosed use of unapproved peptides in the past year