How oxidation and reduction are balanced within the ER lumen is not well-understood, and that understanding is confounded by the observations that neither ablation of both ERO1 isoforms (Zito, Chin, Blais, Harding, & Ron, 2010) nor apparent depletion of total ER glutathione (Tsunoda et al., 2014) appreciably impacts ER protein oxidation capacity or stress sensitivity except for specialized substrates
Key takeaways Skin aging results from both internal biological changes and external factors like sun exposure, pollution, and stress, all of which affect how skin looks and behaves over time
GHK-Cu has compelling mechanistic data but fewer large-scale cosmetic outcome trials
For endurance athletes and thru-hikers, electrolyte supplementation isn't optional
E., Krawczyk, J., Pham, T., Lhamo, R., et al