Malabsorption (insufficient absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestine) due to, insufficient production of intrinsic factor (a protein that is produced in the gastric mucosa and is required for the absorption of vitamin B12), diseases in the terminal ileum (part of the small intestine), e.g
Furthermore, simultaneous blockade of the Tim-3 and PD - 1 signaling pathways exacerbates the pro-atherogenic Th1 response in lower extremity ASO (125)

Supplementary material The Supplementary material for this article can be found online at: TNF- tumor necrosis factor- CGRP calcitonin gene related peptide COX-2 cyclooxygenase-2 iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase ATP adenosine tri-phosphate ROS reactive oxygen species FMN flavin mononucleotide FAD flavin adenosinedinucleotide ASA acetylsalicylic acid MTHFR methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase HDR headache diary results DNA deoxyribonucleic acid DHF dihydrofolate THF tetrahydrofolic acid VPA valproic acid NO nitric oxide OHB12 Hydroxocobalamin CRPS complex regional pain syndrome ROS reactive oxygen species nVDR nuclear vitamin D receptor MR Mendelian randomization IL-6 interleukin 6 MIDAS migraine disability assessment PGs prostaglandins IL-1 interleukin 1 IFN-8 interferon 8 RBP Retinol-binding protein RBP4 retinol-binding protein-4 hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein NHANES National Health and Nutrition Survey RCT randomized clinical trial FAs fatty acids PUFAs poly unsaturated fatty acids EPA eicosapentaenoic acid DHA docosahexaenoic acid IBD inflammatory bowel disease MS multiple sclerosis NOS nitric oxide LPS lipopolysaccharides -LA Alpha-lipoic acid RNS reactive nitrogen species MDA malondialdehyde CRP C-reactive protein DNA deoxyribonucleic acid 5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine GI gastrointestinal CoQ10 Coenzyme Q10 AAC combination of acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid, and caffeine NF-B Nuclear factor-B NLRP3 NOD-Like Receptor Protein 3 BFP body fat percent HDL-c high density lipoprotein-cholesterol Glossary References 1

[20] Treatment of megaloblastic anemia with concurrent vitamin B 12 deficiency using B 12 vitamers (including cyanocobalamin), creates the possibility of hypokalemia due to increased erythropoiesis (red blood cell production) and consequent cellular uptake of potassium upon anemia resolution
EDV, end-diastolic velocity