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In a mouse model of diabetes, topiramate effectively protected the brain from diabetes-induced damage by reducing 4-HNE levels and increasing glutathione (GSH) levels ( However, in a study on the potential toxic effects of topiramate on the liver and kidney of male mice, topiramate significantly decreased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT, while increasing MDA and NO levels ( In vitro study found that topiramate increased MDA, NO and ROS production in astrocytes, showing a dose-dependent negative effect ( These findings suggest that topiramate may exert dual effects on oxidative stress, offering neuroprotection in certain contexts while exacerbating oxidative stress under different conditions and dosages
The comparison of their accumulation patterns in resistance, susceptible, and mock responses revealed a marked GST accumulation during resistance responses pointing to the role of GST as a positive regulator of resistance (Bai et al., External factors, such as light have a strong influence on plant defense reactions and disease resistance
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Lipid ROS, a classic biomarker of ferroptosis, was accumulated in VRK2-KO cells following APR-017 treatment (Fig
